Erikson’s Theory of Psychosocial Development,first published in 1950,outlined eight distinct stages eight stages that an individual goes through to become healthy. Each stage involves a crisis that either weakens or strengthens personality. The theory is based on Freud’s psychosexual stages,and includes influences from social. Although it has been criticized for its generalizations of the world but it remains an important aspect of the psychological process. It also has been helpful in reframing how we see the middle and later adulthood as times of personal development rather than the time to live through.
The first stage,infancy extends from birth until about 18 months. In this stage infants depend completely on their caregivers. They gain trust through seeing the caregiver’s response to their needs,including feeding or soothing. This stage is essential for the development of their self-esteem and feeling of security.
The stage of toddlerhood is Erikson’s 2nd phase of psychosocial development. It runs from 18 months and 2 years. It is at this point that a child’s sense of independence is developed. Success or failure in this process will have a significant influence on the development of their personality. A child who is unable overcome their feelings of shame and doubt will have to struggle with these throughout their lives. If a child manages to be successful in this stage and develop a deep bond,they will be able to form meaningful friendships later on in their lives.
The third stage of preschool is in Erikson’s theory and occurs between ages 3 and 5. The children in this age range are developing their ability to communicate with other people and develop an increased sense of self-confidence. This is when parents and teachers need to focus on fostering positive and encouraging interactions with their children. Positive interactions can help nurture the child’s independence,as well as providing support and guidance for their efforts. The negative behavior,such as negativity or indifference,could damage a child’s confidence and self-esteem.
The fourth stage of Erikson’s theories is elementary school,which is between the ages of 6 and 12. This is the time when children begin to feel the pressure of being accepted by others including teachers and classmates. It is at this stage when a child is beginning to develop their sense of professionalism or their capacity to be a hard worker towards goals and achievements. Teachers who praise and encourage their students can help them develop a sense of competence as they don’t feel the need to assess their capabilities against others.
At the age of middle-age Many people begin to contemplate their mortality. There are people who feel regret about things they have accomplished or didn’t do. Someone who overcomes these challenges will likely have a fulfilling and prosperous retirement. But,if they fail to address these issues and face a mid-life crisis that can cause serious mental health problems.